写在前面
2015年4月,“荣格与诺伊曼书信研讨会”在以色列特拉维夫举行;以荣格与诺伊曼(Erich Neumann)的上百封通信为基础,借以探讨荣格与诺伊曼的思想,分析心理学在当代的发展;在诸多内容的背后,所包含的是诺伊曼的“复活”。颜泽贤、申荷永和高岚等受邀参加会议。在研讨会闭幕讲演中,诺伊曼的学生、资深的心理分析师德沃拉·库津斯基(Dvorah Kutzinski)分享了一个梦——她在诺伊曼去世当天梦到诺伊曼复活了。当时她说,“此次会后,诺伊曼将会复兴”。
2019年8月底,在维也纳举行的第21届国际分析心理学大会上,德沃拉·库津斯基做了非常精彩、引人深思的演讲,她谈到:“现今,阴影离我们最近……”
维也纳大会后不久,我们与新冠病毒不期而遇,全世界均受波及。疫情引发世界范围内普遍焦虑,我们不得不面对阴影,或许,阴影离我们人类最近的时候就是当下。
2021年4月,东方心理分析研究院与洗心岛文化邀请到申荷永老师与诺伊曼的学生、资深的心理分析师德沃拉·库津斯基进行了一次对话研讨,关于诺伊曼,关于阴影的议题……“心理分析与沙盘游戏2+3”学员,澳门城大与华南师大心理分析方向硕士和博士等参与。
为了让读者更为明晰其中的背景与历史,我们将陆续推出一个系列:关于诺伊曼;德沃拉·库津斯基眼中的诺伊曼(上)、(下);以及申老师对话德沃拉·库津斯基。
本文为本系列之4:申荷永对话德沃拉:今天,我们为何依然需要诺伊曼?
埃利希·诺伊曼(Erich Neumann,1905-1960)
申荷永:我记得您在2015年“荣格与诺伊曼书信研讨会”上所做的闭幕总结演讲,当时您分享了一个梦——您在诺伊曼去世当天守灵的时候,梦到诺伊曼复活了然后您说,“此次会后,诺伊曼将会复兴”。那么,我的问题是,诺伊曼复兴之意是什么?我深感我们依然需要诺伊曼,其思想的核心是什么?诺伊曼对当今的我们有何重要意义?
德沃拉:诺伊曼思想的复兴需要时间,但在我看来,他的复兴现在是非常具有现实意义的。正如当下疫情所显示的,我们面对大自然束手无策,凸显人类夸大的理性狂妄。诺伊曼强调大母神、大自然,需要对自然女神抱以谦卑的态度,这些肯定会让所有思想者感同身受。
“荣格与诺伊曼书信研讨会”,与会者数百人,来自世界各地(2015·以色列 特拉维夫)
诺伊曼思想的重要主题是:
1.恶与阴影,即与恶的斗争。埃里希·诺伊曼在大屠杀期间写了《深度心理学与新道德》,他在书中强调了与良知相对的内在的个人之声;良知是集体的,由十诫规定。人必须对自己的阴影负责,而不是将他人当成替罪羊。但这本书并没有被苏黎世的荣格分析师们所接受,原因很明显,直到1949年,他们对犹太分析师都有些限制。
2.女性的重要性(他的著作《大母神》,《女性的心理发展》,《丘比特与赛姬》、《论莫扎特的魔笛》)。诺伊曼发现母系意识具有直觉、想象力、本能和接近无意识的特性。
诺伊曼最大的贡献是发现了心灵中的母系大陆和女性的重要性,这将是未来时代的主导原型。他最深刻的作品是在爱诺思(Eranos)发表的演讲,那些演讲领先于他的时代,并非写给学生。对实际的临床分析最有帮助的著作是《意识的起源与历史》,对于理解病患的梦和他们所处的发展阶段非常有帮助。
3.创造力是他最喜欢的议题。他写过一篇德语文章:“创造力是心理治疗的核心问题”(年轻时,诺伊曼想成为作家)。
回信原文:Dvora: A revival of Neumann's teachings takes time, but it seems to me that now it's very actual, as the epidemic points out man's grandiose rational hubris, leaving us helpless vis a vis nature. Neumann's stress on the Great Mother, nature and the need for a humble attitude towards the Goddess of Nature will surely be felt by all thinking men.
The important themes of Neumann's teachings are:
1. The fight against evil - His "Depth Psychology and a new ethics" was not well received by Zurich. Evil and shadow; Erich Neumann wrote at the time of the holocaust his book; Depths psychology and a new ethics in which he stressed the inner individual voice opposite the consciences; which is collective, dictated by the ten commandments/. Man has to be responsible for his own shadow and not to scapegoat other people. This book was not accepted by the Jungians in Zurich for obvious reasons, they had a numerus clausus against jewish analysts till 1949.
2. The importance of the Feminine (His "Great Mother", "The psychology of the feminine", "Amor and psyche". A commentary of Mozart's "Magic Flute" etc.), Neumann discovered the Matriarchal consciousness with its intuition, imagination, instinct and nearness to the unconsciousness.
The greatest contribution of Neumann is his discovery of the matriarchal continent in the soul and the importance of the feminine, which will be the leading archetype in the coming times. His most profound writings are his Eranos lectures ,which are far ahead and not for students. His most helpful book for practical clinical analysis is the Origins and history of consciousness. It helps very much to understand the dreams of the patients and the stage of development they are in.
3. Creativity which was his most beloved issue. There is an essay of his titled in German: " Das Schoepferische als zentralproblem der psychotherapy" (In his youth Neumann wanted to be a writer).
申老师:2019年,在维也纳举行的第21届国际分析心理学大会上,您被授予IAAP荣誉会员,并做了非常精彩、引人深思的获奖感言。您在演讲中说到,“现今,阴影离我们最近……”,您此话为何意?您想向我们传达什么呢?
维也纳大会后不久,我们与新冠病毒不期而遇,全世界与整个人类均受波及。您能对新冠病毒有关的“阴影”议题再谈一下吗?在您看来,我们应以何种方式或态度应对阴影?
德沃拉被授予IAAP荣誉会员(2019·第21届国际分析心理学大会)
德沃拉:无论在个人、文化还是原型层面,阴影都可能与我们的终身相伴,所以,如果没有阴影,便没有意识,没有道德规范。但是我在督导以及与我的病人工作中注意到存在着缺漏:他们大多数人认为将阴影意识化就足够了。将阴影同化必须经历痛苦。许多分析师都不愿意让病人受苦(这是分析师的自恋吗?尤其是那些想得到病人之爱的分析师?!)。诺伊曼指出,阴影是通往自性化的大门,因为它通常位于在劣势功能之上,仅将阴影意识化,人只是会接近,而永远不会真正实现完整性。
回信原文:Dvora: As he is our lifelong partner – on all three layers: the personal, the cultural and the archetypal – there is no consciousness and no moral compass without its existence. But here I notice a lacuna in supervision and with my patients: Most of them think that it's enough to make the Shadow conscious. The assimilation of the Shadow has to be suffered through. Many analysts are averse to let their patients suffer (is it the narcissism of the analyst, who wants to be loved?!) Neumann points out that the Shadow is the door to Individuation, as it usually sits on the inferior function and by making her conscious, the person is nearing- never really achieving- wholeness.
申老师:作为资深的心理分析师、诺伊曼的学生,分析心理学于您而言有何意义?分析心理学最重要的治愈因素是什么?对于学习分析心理学的学生,您有何建议与忠告?
德沃拉:对我来说:最重要、最令人欣慰的问题是,出现圣秘感(Numinosum),我们在自然、音乐和爱中与其相遇。圣秘感使生命有价值,倘若我们对其危险性有所了解。
分析心理学中的治愈因素是积极的移情和反移情,它们最终有助于建立病人的自我-自性轴。我受训时进行了17年的个人分析。如果不接受个人分析,就没有分析性训练。因此,我认为个人分析是最好的训练。
回信原文:Dvora: For me, the most important and gratifying issue is the appearance of the Numinosum, in nature, music, love where it meets us, which makes life worthwhile, provided we know the dangers of it.
The healing factors in analytical psychology is a positive transference and contratransference which eventually helps to establish the patient's ego-self axis.
My training experience is l7 years of personal analysis, there is no training analysis without submitting yourself to personal analysis, this being the best training.
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